The author of the present article analyzes the most important processes of economic policy in Poland in the period of system transformation, i.e. ownership transformations, without which transformation of the political system after 1989 would not have been possible. The author describes particular stages of shaping the way of thinking about market economy and characterizes them against the background of the most important socio-political events that took place in Poland in the period of transformation. The author also refers to the formal and legal aspects of ownership transformations, with a special regard to the basic normative acts that regulated the process of economic transformation in the years 1990–2012. Reflections on the structure and directions of economic policy in the dimension of ownership transformations are closed with presenting an assessment of the process and the indications concerning the directions of its development in the future, particularly considering such factors as competitiveness and innovativeness of the economy, which in the contemporary world determine the state’s position on the international arena.