The article aims at analyzing the factors affecting Poland’s security in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Therefore, it identifies challenges to Poland’s security policy with opportunities and threats. To achieve this goal, the following areas have been analyzed: political and strategic culture, the national security system, energy security, position in the region, relations with the European Union, NATO, the United States, the countries of Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia, as well as the state of the defense industry and materiel of the Polish Armed Forces as well as the participation of Polish troops in missions and operations abroad.