PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNS IN POLAND AFTER 1989
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Katedra Nauk Politycznych
Akademia Ekonomiczna w Krakowie
Дата публикации: 2020-01-28
Studia Politologiczne 2002;6
СТАТЬЯ:
The text deals with the subject of presidential campaigns in Poland after
1989. The first three parts provide a short description of the 1990, 1995 and
2000 campaigns. The fourth part provides a comparison of the 1995 and 2000
campaigns, with the focus on their marketing side. The 1990 campaign was
omitted, as it did not meet the definition of a marketing campaign. Special
attention is given to such matters as the engagement of advertising specialists
and image creators. The usage of various means of campaign advertising
used in both campaigns is also described. The 1995 and 2000 campaigns
are also compared from different aspects, such as how professional they
were or their inability to use marketing methods to their favour, as well as
how effective they turned out to be. The problem of campaign financing is
also mentioned, both in terms of the strategy of campaign spending as well
as legal regulations in this respect. An interesting aspect, clearly common
to both these campaigns, is pointed out, i.e. – in somewhat simplified terms
– the fading in importance of historical divisions and the absence of approval
for negative campaigning. In the conclusive chapter, the author points out
that presidential elections are the only form of collective political activity in
Poland, where attendance exceeds 50% and is markedly higher that in
parliamentary and territorial self-government elections. She also indicates
the growing importance of the phenomenon of personalisation or
presidentialisation of politics. This is closely connected with the increasing
“marketisation” of election campaigns and is conductive to increased voter
activity, but then also simplifies political debate, bringing it down to a mere
“beauty pageant”. A negative aspect of the personalisation of politics, in the
case of Poland, was also the ongoing depreciation of ethical standards with
respect to politicians, proof of which is a form of social schizophrenia. Thus,
on the one hand, society is inclined to harshly criticise political elites, and
shares the view that politicians to a greater degree than „simple mortals”
should abide by the law and moral standards in public life, on the other
hand, decisions made by the public indicate that in practice it pays little
attention to the degree in which politicians meet ethical standards. This
particular pragmatism which expresses itself as the lowering of ethical
expectations towards politicians can become dangerous and without doubt
cannot bring about the demanded improvement in the quality of public life.