The following paper scrutinizes the place of the contemporary Naval doctrine of the Russian Federation adopted by the President’s decree in 2022 among Russia’s sources of law and its content. The paper focuses on the most important elements of the document, comparing it with the previous doctrines of 2001 and 2015. Due to such formulated aims of the paper, dogmatic and comparative methods were applied. The study reveals that contemporary doctrine is more expanded and more detailed than the previous one, it provides a more precise diagnosis of challenges and threats to Russia’s maritime national security. The content of the Naval doctrine of the Russian Federation reflects growing tensions in its foreign relations. It confirms its ambitions to play a leading role in global maritime policy, especially in the Arctic.