In the article, the author analyses the vital process of structural economic policy in Poland in the period of the system transformation, that is ownership transformations, without which the transformation of the political system after 1989 would not have been possible. The author, describing particular stages of shaping the perception of market economy, characterizes it against the background of the crucial social and political events that took place in Poland during the transformation. The author also refers to the formal and legal aspects of ownership transformations, paying special attention to the basic normative acts which regulated the process of the economical transformation in the years 1990-2012. The reflections concerning the structure and the directions of economic policy in the dimension of ownership transformations are closed with an assessment of the process and indications concerning the directions of its future changes, with special attention paid to such factors as competitiveness and innovativeness of economy, which determine the position of the State on the international arena in the contemporary world.